Saturday, February 17, 2018

西湖 West Lake


西湖,位于中华人民共和国浙江省杭州市区西面,是中国大陆首批国家重点风景名胜区和中国十大风景名胜之一。中国大陆主要的观赏性淡水湖泊之一。
西湖东靠杭州市区,其余三面环山,面积约6.39平方千米,南北长约3.2千米,东西宽约2.8千米,绕湖一周近15千米。 西湖平均水深2.27米,水体容量约为1429万立方米。 湖中被孤山、白堤、苏堤、杨公堤分隔,按面积大小分别为外西湖、西里湖(又称“后西湖”或“后湖”)、北里湖(又称“里西湖”)、小南湖(又称“南湖”)及岳湖等五片水面,其中外西湖面积最大。孤山是西湖中最大的天然岛屿,苏堤、白堤越过湖面,小瀛洲、湖心亭、阮公墩三个人工小岛鼎立于外西湖湖心,雷峰塔与保俶塔隔湖相映,由此形成了“一山、二塔、三岛、三堤、五湖”的基本格局。


由于其在中国的历史文化和风景名胜中的重要地位,西湖被评选为首批国家重点风景名胜区(1982年)、中国十大风景名胜(1985年)和首批国家5A级旅游景区(2006年)。此外,1979年中华人民共和国发行的外汇兑换券壹圆券以及2004年发行的第五套人民币壹圆纸币背面均使用了三潭印月的图案,更说明了杭州西湖在中国风景名胜中的地位。中国各地以“西湖”命名的湖泊有数十个之多,通常认为杭州西湖是其中最著名的湖泊。2011年6月24日,杭州西湖文化景观列入世界遗产名录。

花港观鱼
名称由来
西湖最早称武林水。《汉书·地理志》:“钱唐,西部都尉治。武林山,武林水所出,东入海,行八百三十里。” 后又有钱水、钱唐湖、明圣湖、金牛湖、石涵湖、上湖、潋滟湖、放生池、西子湖、高土湖、西陵湖、龙川、销金锅、美人湖、贤者湖、明月湖诸般名称,但是只有两个名称为历代普遍公认,并见诸于文献记载:一是因杭州古名钱塘,湖称钱塘湖;一是因湖在杭城之西,故名西湖。最早出现的“西湖”名称,是在白居易的《西湖晚归回望孤山寺赠诸客》和《杭州回舫》这两首诗中。北宋以后,名家诗文大都以西湖为名,钱塘湖之名逐渐鲜为人知。而苏轼的《乞开杭州西湖状》,则是官方文件中第一次使用“西湖”这个名称。


西湖十景
西湖十景之名源出南宋山水画。南宋祝穆《方舆胜览》、吴自牧《梦粱录》均有记载,当时的文人诗词也多有提及。十景皆傍近西湖或在湖中,最初的十景景目为平湖秋月、苏堤春晓、断桥残雪、雷峰夕照、南屏晚钟、曲院风荷、花港观鱼、柳浪闻莺、三潭印月、两峰插云。至清代,康熙帝南巡至杭,为西湖十景题字,并将“两峰插云”改为“双峰插云”;“雷峰落照”(或称“雷峰夕照”)改为“雷峰西照”;“南屏晚钟”改为“南屏晓钟”。但是“西照”与“晓钟”两个名称却未被人们接受,后人仍沿用南宋旧名至今。此后当地官吏将康熙帝御笔所书,刻石立碑,建亭恭护,至此,西湖十景石碑成为景点标志。乾隆帝南巡杭州,就十景各赋诗一首,镌刻于碑石阴面,使西湖十景景名更广为人知。




十景名称不仅用词贴切,亦对偶整齐(严格上并非对仗,对仗还须论格律、平仄)。例如“平湖秋月”、“苏堤春晓”、“断桥残雪”、“曲院风荷”、“南屏晚钟”、“雷峰夕照”,其中两景任意搭配也可成对。“花港观鱼”、“柳浪闻莺”,或是“三潭印月”、“双峰插云”,这些本身也是对偶句或词组,非常工整。


1984年,《杭州日报》等五家单位发起了新西湖十景评选活动,最后新十景确定为云栖竹径、九溪烟树等。新十景的特点在于其地理范围大于旧十景,其中大多数位于西湖周边群山之中。与传统的西湖十景一样,新十景名称也见对偶。譬如,“九溪烟树”对以“满陇桂雨”或“吴山天风”(其中“九”与“满”均为数词,较工);“玉皇飞云”与“宝石流霞”、“龙井问茶”与“虎跑梦泉”、“黄龙吐翠”与“阮墩环碧”等组合亦见工整。


2007年,杭州市政府进行“三评西湖十景”和名称征集,灵隐寺等一批景点入围,成为了新新西湖十景。景点中既有千年古刹灵隐寺、北宋名塔六和塔,也有近年恢复重建的文化景观钱王祠、万松书院等。


West Lake (Chinese: 西湖) is a freshwater lake in Hangzhou, China. It is divided into five sections by three causeways. There are numerous temples, pagodas, gardens, and artificial islands within the lake.
三潭印月
West Lake has influenced poets and painters throughout Chinese history for its natural beauty and historic relics, and it has also been among the most important sources of inspiration for Chinese garden designers. It was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2011, described as having "influenced garden design in the rest of China as well as Japan and Korea over the centuries"and reflecting "an idealized fusion between humans and nature"


The earliest recorded name for West Lake was the "Wu Forest River" (武林水, Wǔlín Shuǐ). The Book of Han's "Geography Column" says, "Qiantang, affiliated to the western governor general. Wu Forest Mountain (Wǔlínshān) is the origin of the Wu Forest River. Running east into the sea, it covers 830 li" (roughly, 350 km or 220 mi). Other former names include the "Qian River", "Qiantang Lake", "Mingsheng Lake", "Jinniu Lake", "Shihan Lake", "Shang Lake", "Lianyan Lake", "Fangsheng Pond", "Xizi Lake", "Gaoshi Lake", "Xiling Lake", "Meiren Lake", "Xianzhe Lake", and "Mingyue Lake". But only two names were widely accepted in history and recorded in historical documents. One is "Qiantang Lake", due to the fact that Hangzhou was called "Qiantang" in ancient times. The other name is "West Lake", due to the lake being west of the city.

The name "West Lake" first appeared in two poems of Bai Juyi, "Bestowed on guests as returning from West Lake in the evening and looking back to Gushan Temple" (西湖晚歸回望孤山寺贈諸客) and "On the returning boat to Hangzhou" (杭州回舫). Since the Northern Song dynasty, most poems and articles of scholars used the name "West Lake", while the name "Qiantang Lake" was gradually deprecated. "The request of dredging West Lake" written by Su Shi was the first time that "West Lake" appeared in an official document.


Ten Scenes of West Lake
Traditionally, there are ten best-known scenic spots on the West Lake, each remembered by a four-character epithet. Collectively, they are known as the "Ten Scenes of West Lake" (10 Scenic Spots in West Lake 西湖十景). Each is marked by a stele with an epithet written in the calligraphy of the Qianlong Emperor. They are:
Dawn on the Su Causeway in Spring (蘇堤春曉)
Curved Yard and Lotus Pool in Summer (曲院風荷)
Moon over the Peaceful Lake in Autumn (平湖秋月)
Remnant Snow on the Bridge in Winter (斷橋殘雪)
Leifeng Pagoda in the Sunset (雷峰夕照)
Two Peaks Piercing the Clouds (雙峰插雲)
Orioles Singing in the Willows (柳浪聞鶯)
Fish Viewing at the Flower Pond (花港觀魚)
Three Ponds Mirroring the Moon (三潭印月)
Evening Bell Ringing at the Nanping Hill (南屏晚鐘)



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